Parts of India, China, Central America, South America, and the Middle East have an extended history of hand manufacturing cotton textiles, which became a major industry sometime after a thousand Ad. The work was achieved by hand in staff’ properties or occasionally in master weavers’ outlets. Occasionally the work was carried out within the workshop of a master weaver. Using the spinning wheel, it took anywhere from four to eight spinners to provide one handloom weaver. Within the off-season the girls, typically farmers’ wives, did the spinning and the males did the weaving. On the eve of the Industrial Revolution, spinning and weaving had been carried out in households, for home consumption, and as a cottage industry under the putting-out system. Productivity improvement in wool spinning during the Industrial Revolution was important but far lower than that of cotton. Wages in Lancashire have been about six instances those in India in 1770 when overall productivity in Britain was about three times higher than in India. The share of worth added by the cotton textile industry in Britain was 2.6% in 1760, 17% in 1801, and 22.4% in 1831. Value added by the British woollen industry was 14.1% in 1801. Cotton factories in Britain numbered roughly 900 in 1797. In 1760 roughly one-third of cotton cloth manufactured in Britain was exported, rising to two-thirds by 1800. In 1781 cotton spun amounted to 5.1 million pounds, which elevated to fifty six million pounds by 1800. In 1800 less than 0.1% of world cotton cloth was produced on equipment invented in Britain.

In 1750 Britain imported 2.5 million pounds of raw cotton, most of which was spun and woven by the cottage industry in Lancashire. By 1600 Flemish refugees started weaving cotton cloth in English towns the place cottage spinning and weaving of wool and linen was nicely established. Earlier European makes an attempt at cotton spinning and weaving were in 12th-century Italy and 15th-century southern Germany, however these industries eventually ended when the provision of cotton was reduce off. In 1700 and 1721 the British authorities handed Calico Acts to protect the home woollen and linen industries from the rising amounts of cotton fabric imported from India. The demand for heavier fabric was met by a domestic industry based round Lancashire that produced fustian, a cloth with flax warp and cotton weft. India produced a variety of cotton cloth, some of exceptionally fine high quality. The early Spanish explorers found Native Americans rising unknown species of excellent quality cotton: sea island cotton (Gossypium barbadense) and upland green seeded cotton Gossypium hirsutum.

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